MTOR and diabetes mellitus: Active compounds, such as astragaloside IV, attenuate diabetes-related activation of protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), NF-κB, and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) signaling pathways, thereby decreasing podocyte apoptosis and albuminuria in preclinical models (135).