FBXO32 and neoplasm: In addition, FBXO32-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) enhances the expression of Snail and ZEB1 through CtBP1 ubiquitination in breast cancer, which not only promotes tumor metastasis, but also upregulates PD-L1 and attracts MDSCs, further weakening the anti-tumor immune response (65).