CD163 and neoplasm: This aligns with the anti-tumor activity of M1 TAMs, which is related to the production of cytokines that inhibit OS growth (46).Notably, compared to cancers such as gastric cancer or lung adenocarcinoma, high infiltration of CD163+ M2-polarized macrophages demonstrates a paradoxical suppressive effect on OS progression through extracellular matrix remodeling-mediated tumor containment (93).