TGFB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Furthermore, vitamin D also showed significant inhibition of NF-κB pathways (181), and a regulatory effect regarding cytokine production, thus it inhibits proinflammatory cytokines in SLE pathogenesis, including IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-23, IL-6, and TNF-α (182–184), while stimulating anti-inflammatory cytokine production like IL-10 and TGF-β (185, 186).