TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Lactobacillus delbrueckii (L. delbrueckii) and L. rhamnosus not only induce an anti-inflammatory phenotype in M2 macrophages but also make M1 macrophages convert to a less inflammatory phenotype by suppressing the immune activation markers like CD14, CD80, and HLA-DR also decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-12, IL-1β, and TNF-α and increase anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and TGF-β in SLE patient macrophages (Figure 2) (101).