However, an overproduction of probiotic metabolites like peptidoglycan fragments or bacterial DNA can hyperactivate DCs via TLR2/9 or NOD2, boosting BAFF/APRIL production via NF-κB/MAPK pathways, potentially triggering systemic autoreactive B cells and exacerbating SLE autoimmunity (139–141). Here, TNFSF13B is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.