demonstrated that treatment with the probiotic microbes L. casei and Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) significantly lowered Th1-mediated inflammation accompanied by reduced levels of IFN-γ and a notable reduction in serum anti-dsDNA autoantibody titers, which are one of the hallmark indicators for lupus severity (Figure 2) (120). This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and systemic lupus erythematosus.