L. delbrueckii and L. rhamnosus reduced pro-inflammatory markers (CD14, CD80, HLA-DR) on macrophages, elevated IL-10 and TGF-β, suppressed IL-12, IL-1β, and TNF-α, and induced an anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype in SLE patients (101). Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.