Probiotics like L. rhamnosus LC-STH-13 inhibit NF-κB activation by blocking TLR9 signaling and preventing IκBα degradation, thus reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in lupus-prone mice (Figure 2) (147). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.