Based on the findings, we propose that Chrnb4 modulates myopia progression through a multi-layered signaling network involving dopamine and the TGF-β/MMP-2/TIMP-1 axis, as outlined below (see schematic framework): Functional Localization and Upstream Regulation of Chrnb4 encodes the β4 subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), predominantly expressed in retinal amacrine cells, bipolar cells, and scleral fibroblasts. Here, TIMP1 is linked to myopia.