The specific mechanisms include: (1) Promotion of osteoblast differentiation: SC-EVs deliver proteins such as CTHRC1, CLEC11A, and GPNMB, as well as microRNAs like miR-328-3p and miR-186, to activate osteogenesis-related signaling pathways including Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, and AMPK, thereby enhancing bone formation and alleviating osteoporosis. This evidence concerns the gene GPNMB and osteoporosis.