For example, IGHV3-52, IGHV3-76, IGHV4-NL12, IGHV4-NL28, IGHV4-NL33, and IGDH1-3 were used significantly less frequently in infected macaques, while IGHD3-17 use was increased, in agreement with the important changes in IgGH repertoire associated with infection described above (Fig. 5). This evidence concerns the gene BTK and infection.