This results in elevated levels of active TGF-β, leading to up-regulation of MMPs, and the development of aortic aneurysms and/or dissection.31, 32, 33, 34 Additionally, TGF-β1 has been reported to be overexpressed in cystic cells compared to normal kidney cells.35 Here, TGFB1 is linked to aortic aneurysm.