TSHR and thyroid gland carcinoma: However, on the basis of existing treatment strategies and the current understanding of TSHR, it can be inferred that TSHR-targeted therapy may be applicable to the following patients: i) patients with recurrent, refractory thyroid cancer who have undergone complete resection of thyroid tissue; ii) patients in whom TSHR is expressed positively only in thyroid cancer or its metastatic lesions and is not expressed in other major organs; and iii) patients who did not respond to I131 or sorafenib.