PINK1 and neoplasm: We observed a consistent trend of increased IHC staining intensity correlated with larger tumor sizes and advanced LUAD stages in both UBR4 (H-scores 179.6 ± 11.29 in Stage 3A [N = 26] vs. 150.6 ± 5.49 in Stage 1A [N = 123]; P = 0.0262) and PINK1 (H-scores 65.77 ± 7.61 in Stage 3A vs. 44.60 ± 3.78 in Stage 1A; P = 0.0172 from t test with Welch’s correction) (Fig. 5 C and D and SI Appendix, Fig. S6E).