IFNG and pneumococcal infection: paracasei NTU 101 can modulate the presentation of antigens, enhance the activation of auxiliary T cells by increasing costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, and CD86), increase the production of IgG antibodies in serum, and inhibit immune imbalance by increasing the expression of IFN-γ and IL-1.130 Moreover, L. rhamnosus can increase the expression of IFN-γ (Th1 cytokine) and IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 (Th2 cytokines), which consequently increases resistance to pneumococcal infection.131