ATP5MK and diabetes mellitus: Mann-Whitney U tests, t-tests and chi-square tests revealed significant intergroup differences in multiple variables including socioeconomic status (PIR), anthropometric measures (BMI), health behaviors (tobacco use and physical activity), cardiometabolic comorbidities (hypertension and diabetes), inflammatory markers (AGP concentrations), and depressive symptom severity (PHQ-9 scores) (all P < 0.05).