This was recently further supported by Guo and colleagues,42 who showed that intranasal administration of moderate amounts of synthetically derived orexin A reduced mortality, diminished the expression of the proinflammatory factors interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), ameliorated cognitive and emotional deficits, and attenuated cerebral oedema, blood–brain barrier disruption, and ultrastructural brain damage in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Encephalopathy.