PTGS2 and inflammatory response: In cell experiments, Rut can inhibit the secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis alpha, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and alleviate lipopolysaccharide induced neuronal inflammation (Lee et al. 2024).