TNF and Stroke: Stroke induces the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-18 (IL-18), while reducing anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10 and IL-13 (Kang et al., 2016; Yi Ye et al., 2021; Yi X. et al., 2021).