CYBB and neoplasm: Additionally, microbial communities recruit innate and adaptive immune cell infiltrates, most notably neutrophils and eosinophils, which consume local oxygen via the NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX-2) during oxidative bursts (Campbell et al., 2014; Masterson et al., 2019) Therefore, the microbial community in TME is one of the factors contributing to the formation and maintenance of chronic hypoxia, driving alterations in tumor cell signaling pathways, primarily associated with increased expression of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF).