Biomarker-driven diagnosis of SAE: several studies have suggested that biomarkers related to neuroinflammation (such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and neuronal injury (like S100B, GFAP, and neurofilament proteins) are more specifically elevated in patients with SAE than in those with severe sepsis without encephalopathy. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is Sepsis.