PDCD1 and lung carcinoma: Younis et al. developed multifunctional PD-1 nanovesicles by integrating rhodium nanoparticles and the anti-inflammatory drug iguratimod, which not only activate immune T-cells but also disrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction while inhibiting the mTOR and EMT pathways for enhanced treatment of lung cancer and metastasis [72].