CSF2 and autoimmune disease: Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), such as G-CSF, M-CSF, and GM-CSF, enhance myelopoiesis and fungal clearance (Bandera et al, 2008; Du et al, 2020; Nemunaitis et al, 1993), but GM-CSF is particularly linked to autoimmune diseases as a detrimental factor in MS (Codarri et al, 2011; El-Behi et al, 2011; McQualter et al, 2001).