The expansion of such fungi can drive inflammation through the secretion of virulence factors (e.g., candidalysin), activation of the IL-17/IL-1β pathways, and disruption of epithelial integrity, creating a feed-forward loop of dysbiosis and inflammation, particularly in diseases like IBD (Li et al, 2022b; Moyes et al, 2016). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.