Whereas the TM4SF1-CAR T cells exhibited anti-tumor activity against bladder cancer lines expressing TM4SF1 (including UMUC3, T24, 5637, 253JBV and UMUC1), the TM4SF1-CAR T cells did not kill HT1376, which is negative for TM4SF1 (Fig. 5A). Here, TM4SF1 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.