INS and major depressive disorder: Indeed, a wide array of mechanisms could underlie the complex relationship between obesity and depression, including poor dietary habits and physical inactivity, visceral fat accumulation with subsequent metabolic alterations, vascular dysfunction, insulin resistance, and inflammation, which in turn could disrupt neuroimmune status and neuronal connectivity, ultimately leading to mood disorders including depression (Fulton et al. 2022; Fu et al. 2023).