The malignant epithelium of HpGC exhibited high expression level of inflammatory and epithelial–mesenchymal transition signature, HpGC and ex-HpGC were enriched with VEGFA+ angiogenic tumor-associated macrophages (Angio-TAM) and IL11+ inflammatory CAF (iCAF), characterized by high expression levels of NECTIN2 and VEGFA/B. Here, IL11 is linked to neoplasm.