IGHE and allergic disease: 2020; Chen et al. 2022). Although Staphylococcus is a common coloniser of humans, it can become a dangerous pathogen under favourable conditions. For example, Staphylococcus aureus, as a frequent inhabitant of the upper airways, has been linked to triggering allergies and inducing IgE production and higher rates of S. aureus colonisation and sensitisation to its proteins have been observed in conditions such as atopic dermatitis, nasal polyps, and asthma (Bachert et al. 2020).