Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) secrete growth factors such as HGF, IGF‐1, FGF and TGF‐β, activating pathways like PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK, which promote tumour proliferation, increase macromolecule synthesis, and lead to cell volume expansion [154]. The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is neoplasm.