Growth factors such as EGF, VEGF, FGF, IL‐10, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IFNγ produced by TAMs and NKs and miRNAs carried in tumour‐derived EVs promote tumour proliferation by activating pathways such as RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK–MAPK and PI3K–AKT–mTOR. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.