IFIH1 and autoimmune disease: The RNA sensor MDA5 critically mediates the innate antiviral immune response and autoinflammatory diseases.[8, 37] The activity and availability of MDA5 are inversely regulated by ubiquitination and deubiquitination to elicit antiviral immunity while avoiding excessive autoimmunity.[38, 39] However, there is currently no specific DUB for deconjugating polyubiquitin chains from MDA5, particularly in autoimmune diseases.