INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The results showed that after 8 weeks of intragastric administration, PP significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P < 0.05), serum insulin level (P < 0.05), and insulin resistance index (P < 0.05), improved impaired glucose tolerance, regulated serum liver and kidney function related indicators, significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) levels (P < 0.05), significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P < 0.05) in the liver, and increased the contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the gut of T2DM mice.