MTOR and renal cell carcinoma: Anti-VEGF therapies, particularly bevacizumab today used in cancer treatment in both solid (e.g. renal cell carcinoma) and blood-derived tumors as well ocular diseases (e.g. macular degeneration).33,34 These drugs work by stopping the growth of tumors or the creation of new blood vessels that nourish and protect them.35 In addition, mTOR inhibitors such as EVROLELIMUS and SIROLIMUS that indirectly act on RHEB signaling by inhibiting the mTOR-pathway are also used in cancer therapy (e.g. renal cell carcinoma) and organ transplantation to prevent rejections.36,37