ACTA2 and neoplasm: We found that C0 MSCs highly expressed GOF15, ACTA2, PSAT1, PTX3, and IGFBP7, and functional enrichment of these DEGs revealed a close relationship with internal and external stimuli, such as hypoxia, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and DNA damage (Fig. 6E), which suggests that this group of MSCs is stimulated by tumor cells to a large extent, affecting their tendency to differentiate into osteoblasts.