The secretion of these factors is regulated by signaling from oncogenes, such as EGFR and KRAS. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that TGF-β is upregulated in EGFR-mutated lung cancer through the EGFR-ERK1/2-p90RSK signaling pathway, resulting in low CD8 + T cell infiltration, and impaired anti-tumor immunity [93]. Here, KRAS is linked to lung cancer.