ALB and nutritional deficiency disease: In Table 2, after conducting univariable logistic regression analysis on the primary cohort, it was found that BMI, ASMI, LVEF, grip strength, NT-proBNP, FFM, fat-free mass index (FFMI), MUAC, whole-body phase angle, and albumin may serve as independent risk factors for malnutrition in older adult HF patients (p < 0.05).