Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed the pathways influenced by HAMs treatment, which were enriched in immune response pathways, including cytokine‒cytokine receptor interactions, complement and coagulation cascades and the TNF signaling pathway; IBD therapeutic target-related pathways, including the PI3K‒Akt signaling pathway and the NF‒κB signaling pathway; and ECM‒receptor interactions, which are important for promoting M1 macrophage polarization in IBD 32 (Figure 6D). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.