These results were confirmed by RT-PCR finding that the gene expression levels for COL1A1 (encoding collagen I) and ACTA2 (encoding α-SMA) in primary endometriotic stromal cells derived from OE, AD, and DE tissue samples were all significantly higher than that of endometrial stromal cells from controls, with the highest in DE lesions, followed by AD and then OE lesions (Yi et al., 2025). Here, COL1A1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.