Recent studies employing advanced sequencing technologies, such as those by Galeano Niño et al., demonstrate that the intratumoral microbiota is organized into distinct microniches and functionally impacts tumor biology by activating oncogenic pathways (e.g. JUN/FOS) and immune-suppressive mechanisms (e.g. JAK–STAT), thereby promoting cancer progression (Galeano Niño et al., 2022). This evidence concerns the gene FOS and neoplasm.