INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Iatrogenic hypoglycaemia remains a major barrier to optimising glucose levels in people with type 1 diabetes (pwT1D),1 which is key to preventing long-term complications.2 Hypoglycaemia is the consequence of the interaction between relative insulin excess from treatment and compromised physiological defences against falling plasma glucose.1 With a longer duration of diabetes and with increased exposure to hypoglycaemia, pwT1D can develop impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH).