IL33 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: For instance, Liu et al.17 reported a promoting effect of IL-33 on the growth and invasion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and our group18, –20 demonstrated increased expression of both IL-33 and ST2 in cancer cells, immunosuppressive cells, vascular endothelial cells (ECs), and stromal cells in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).18 These results may suggest that IL-33 may play a potential role in both EAC and ESCC by stimulating proliferation, modulating immunosuppression, and enhancing angiogenesis.