ACE and Arthritis: COPD was 4.4x more likely among people with high ACE scores (1.8x for 1–3), arthritis was 2.9x more likely (1.5x for 1–3), asthma was 2.8x more likely (1.5x for 1–3), cardiovascular disease was 2.6x more likely (1.4x for 1–3), and kidney disease was 2.2x more likely (1.5x for 1–3).