NELFCD and malaria: In animal studies, chronic schistosomiasis, which is associated with Th2 activation co-infection with malaria is associated with attenuation of Th1 cytokines and chemokines and a reduced incidence of cerebral malaria and (Bucher et al., 2011; Semenya et al., 2012; Waknine-Grinberg et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013, 2014; Yoshida et al., 2000).