MNS1 and ciliopathy: MNS1 (meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1) is a protein-coding gene primarily associated with the function of motile cilia and the assembly of sperm flagella (Maraval et al., 2025).Existing research indicates that abnormalities in MNS1 may increase the risk of congenital cardiac disease through ciliopathies affecting active cilia, such as laterality defects.