IL1B and rheumatoid arthritis: Zhu et al. further identified significant associations between IL-1A +4845G/T polymorphisms and RA susceptibility across populations (dominant model: p = 0.02; recessive model: p = 0.05; allelic model: p = 0.04), while IL-1B +3954C/T polymorphisms showed population-specific effects, demonstrating global significance in general populations (recessive model: p = 0.03; allelic model: p = 0.01) and enhanced association in Asian cohorts (recessive model: p = 0.007; allelic model: p = 0.002) (Braga et al., 2024).