HIF-1α-mediated BNIP3/SERPINE1 upregulation is observed in non-infectious AE-PF models (Yegen et al., 2022), with both proteins promoting AECs apoptosis and post-injury fibrosis (Bhandary et al., 2012; Bernard et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINE1 and pemphigus foliaceus.