TNF and hydrops fetalis: In the progression of HF, the interaction between B cells and T cells, which can stimulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, directly participate in cardiac remodeling by upregulating the cytokines transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and maintain a detrimental inflammatory environment by producing tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-633, cannot be ignored.