For endothelial cells in the CCM group compared to the STA group, 64 significantly enriched pathways were identified, including 37 upregulated pathways (with the most significant being NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity) and 27 downregulated pathways (with the most significant being EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance). Here, EGFR is linked to cerebral cavernous malformation.