Our risk estimates (HR = 1.87 for CVD, 5.61 for CKD, 2.50 for urolithiasis) were somewhat higher than previous reports from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) (HR = 1.58 for CVD,6 3.18 for renal disease, 1.26 for urolithiasis11) and the Taiwan Longitudinal Health Insurance Database (1.34 for CHD,9 1.57 for end-stage renal disease32), which may reflect between-study differences such as the severity of gout cases in CKB (nearly all of which were hospitalised) vs. primary care records,6,9 kidney disease definitions, and the risk factor profiles of the underlying study populations. This evidence concerns the gene CKB and urolithiasis.