Hence, the direct association between DYRK1A dosage imbalance and intellectual disability in T21 has been the focus of intense investigation for 40 years (Ananthapadmanabhan et al., 2023; Yang et al., 2023; Deboever et al., 2022; Rammohan et al., 2022; Laham et al., 2021; Kay et al., 2016; Stringer et al., 2017; Atas-Ozcan et al., 2021; Murphy et al., 2024). The gene discussed is DYRK1A; the disease is Intellectual disability.