TGF-β promotes EMT activation in PCa by inducing vimentin and fibronectin while inhibiting E-cadherin levels, which is associated with the upregulation of EMT transcription factors following activation of the classical TGF-β signaling pathway (Smad-dependent pathway) (Mirzaei et al., 2022). Here, TGFB1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.