TGFB1 and posterior cortical atrophy: In summary, TGF-β plays a crucial role in EMT activation in PCa through various pathways, including the Smad-dependent pathway and other oncogenic signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt (Mirzaei et al., 2022; Torrealba et al., 2020; Song et al., 2019; Hu et al., 2018; Hamidi et al., 2017).