To address this gap, we recently have rationally identified a unique dietary commensal strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IMB19 (LpIMB19), and its effector component capsular rhamnose-rich heteropolysaccharide (RHP), which has the capability to enhance CD8 T cell immune response and augment anti-tumor immunity.72,73 The RHP functions as a TLR2 ligand, modulating tumor-associated macrophages toward an inflammatory phenotype, which subsequently activates CD8 T cells. Here, TLR2 is linked to neoplasm.