AFP and neoplasm: Additionally, the MMF system demonstrated consistent risk stratification across various clinical subgroups, including age, sex, tumor size/number, HBV status, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer(BCLC) stage, alpha-fetoprotein(AFP) levels, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG) status, portal vein tumor thrombosis(PVTT), metastasis pattern and prior treatment (Supplementary Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2).