CAFs, the predominant cells within NSCLC stromal component, are closely associated with poor outcome in NSCLC patients.95 TGF-β and exosomes carried abundant non-coding RNAs, such as miRNAs and lncRNAs are secreted from NSCLC cancer cells, and modulate the functions of CAFs (Fig. 3). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.