Pan-TGF-β antibodies induced cardiotoxicity in several preclinical models [146], and BMS-986,260, a small-molecule TGF-β receptor I inhibitor, was ultimately discontinued in clinical development due to cardiovascular safety concerns, despite its promising anti-tumor efficacy in combination with anti-PD-1 antibodies in murine models of colorectal cancer [147, 148]. Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.