RARRES2 and endothelial dysfunction: In addition to phenotypic changes, PVAT switches to a proinflammatory profile, and PVAT adipocytes generate PVCFs and adipokines such as leptin [36], visfatin/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) [66], resistin [67], lipocalin 2 [68], and chemerin [15], which diffuse to the adjacent blood vessel wall and trigger vasoconstriction, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular remodeling.